A 72 × 60 angle-sensitive SPAD imaging array for lens-less FLIM

Changhyuk Lee; Ben Johnson; TaeSung Jung; Alyosha Molnar

doi:10.3390/s16091422

A 72 × 60 angle-sensitive SPAD imaging array for lens-less FLIM

Changhyuk Lee, Ben Johnson, TaeSung Jung, Alyosha Molnar

Cornell University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

21 Scopus citations

Abstract

We present a 72 × 60, angle-sensitive single photon avalanche diode (A-SPAD) array for lens-less 3D fluorescence lifetime imaging. An A-SPAD pixel consists of (1) a SPAD to provide precise photon arrival time where a time-resolved operation is utilized to avoid stimulus-induced saturation, and (2) integrated diffraction gratings on top of the SPAD to extract incident angles of the incoming light. The combination enables mapping of fluorescent sources with different lifetimes in 3D space down to micrometer scale. Futhermore, the chip presented herein integrates pixel-level counters to reduce output data-rate and to enable a precise timing control. The array is implemented in standard 180 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and characterized without any post-processing.

Original language	English
Article number	1422
Journal	Sensors (Switzerland)
Volume	16
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091422
State	Published - 2 Sep 2016
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

3-D image sensor
CMOS avalanche photodiodes
Exponential decay
Fill-factor
Fluorescence imaging
Highly sensitivity photodetectors
In-vitro
Lab-on-chip
Lifetime microscopy
Low power imaging
Photo-detector
Photon timing
Point-of-care
Rangefinder
SPAD
SPAD arrays
Single photon detectors
Time-correlated measurements

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10.3390/s16091422

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title = "A 72 × 60 angle-sensitive SPAD imaging array for lens-less FLIM",

abstract = "We present a 72 × 60, angle-sensitive single photon avalanche diode (A-SPAD) array for lens-less 3D fluorescence lifetime imaging. An A-SPAD pixel consists of (1) a SPAD to provide precise photon arrival time where a time-resolved operation is utilized to avoid stimulus-induced saturation, and (2) integrated diffraction gratings on top of the SPAD to extract incident angles of the incoming light. The combination enables mapping of fluorescent sources with different lifetimes in 3D space down to micrometer scale. Futhermore, the chip presented herein integrates pixel-level counters to reduce output data-rate and to enable a precise timing control. The array is implemented in standard 180 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and characterized without any post-processing.",

keywords = "3-D image sensor, CMOS avalanche photodiodes, Exponential decay, Fill-factor, Fluorescence imaging, Highly sensitivity photodetectors, In-vitro, Lab-on-chip, Lifetime microscopy, Low power imaging, Photo-detector, Photon timing, Point-of-care, Rangefinder, SPAD, SPAD arrays, Single photon detectors, Time-correlated measurements",

author = "Changhyuk Lee and Ben Johnson and TaeSung Jung and Alyosha Molnar",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

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T1 - A 72 × 60 angle-sensitive SPAD imaging array for lens-less FLIM

AU - Lee, Changhyuk

AU - Johnson, Ben

AU - Jung, TaeSung

AU - Molnar, Alyosha

PY - 2016/9/2

Y1 - 2016/9/2

N2 - We present a 72 × 60, angle-sensitive single photon avalanche diode (A-SPAD) array for lens-less 3D fluorescence lifetime imaging. An A-SPAD pixel consists of (1) a SPAD to provide precise photon arrival time where a time-resolved operation is utilized to avoid stimulus-induced saturation, and (2) integrated diffraction gratings on top of the SPAD to extract incident angles of the incoming light. The combination enables mapping of fluorescent sources with different lifetimes in 3D space down to micrometer scale. Futhermore, the chip presented herein integrates pixel-level counters to reduce output data-rate and to enable a precise timing control. The array is implemented in standard 180 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and characterized without any post-processing.

AB - We present a 72 × 60, angle-sensitive single photon avalanche diode (A-SPAD) array for lens-less 3D fluorescence lifetime imaging. An A-SPAD pixel consists of (1) a SPAD to provide precise photon arrival time where a time-resolved operation is utilized to avoid stimulus-induced saturation, and (2) integrated diffraction gratings on top of the SPAD to extract incident angles of the incoming light. The combination enables mapping of fluorescent sources with different lifetimes in 3D space down to micrometer scale. Futhermore, the chip presented herein integrates pixel-level counters to reduce output data-rate and to enable a precise timing control. The array is implemented in standard 180 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and characterized without any post-processing.

KW - 3-D image sensor

KW - CMOS avalanche photodiodes

KW - Exponential decay

KW - Fill-factor

KW - Fluorescence imaging

KW - Highly sensitivity photodetectors

KW - In-vitro

KW - Lab-on-chip

KW - Lifetime microscopy

KW - Low power imaging

KW - Photo-detector

KW - Photon timing

KW - Point-of-care

KW - Rangefinder

KW - SPAD

KW - SPAD arrays

KW - Single photon detectors

KW - Time-correlated measurements

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84985946051

U2 - 10.3390/s16091422

DO - 10.3390/s16091422

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SN - 1424-8220

VL - 16

JO - Sensors (Switzerland)

JF - Sensors (Switzerland)

IS - 9

M1 - 1422

ER -

A 72 × 60 angle-sensitive SPAD imaging array for lens-less FLIM

Abstract

Keywords

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