TY - JOUR
T1 - Defect generation in TiO2 nanotube anodes
T2 - Via heat treatment in various atmospheres for lithium-ion batteries
AU - Savva, Andreas I.
AU - Smith, Kassiopeia A.
AU - Lawson, Matthew
AU - Croft, Sterling R.
AU - Weltner, Ariel E.
AU - Jones, Chris D.
AU - Bull, Hailey
AU - Simmonds, Paul J.
AU - Li, Lan
AU - Xiong, Hui
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© the Owner Societies.
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - In this paper, ordered TiO2 nanotubes were grown on a Ti substrate via electrochemical anodization and subsequently annealed at 450 °C for 4 h under various atmospheres to create different point defects. Oxygen-deficient environments such as Ar and N2 were used to develop oxygen vacancies, while a water vapor (WV) atmosphere was used to generate titanium vacancies. Computational models by density functional theory predicted that the presence of oxygen vacancies would cause electronic conductivity to increase, while the presence of Ti vacancies could lead to decreased conductivity. The predictions were confirmed by two-point electrical conductivity measurements and Mott-Schottky analysis. Raman spectroscopy was also conducted to confirm the presence of defects. The annealed samples were then evaluated as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. The oxygen-deficient samples had an improvement in capacity by 10% and 25% for Ar- and N2-treated samples, respectively, while the WV-treated sample displayed a capacity increase of 24% compared to the stoichiometric control sample (annealed in O2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revealed that the WV-treated sample's increased capacity was a consequence of its higher Li diffusivity. The results suggest that balanced electrical and ionic conductivity in nanostructured metal oxide anodes can be tuned through defect generation using heat treatments in various atmospheres for improved electrochemical properties.
AB - In this paper, ordered TiO2 nanotubes were grown on a Ti substrate via electrochemical anodization and subsequently annealed at 450 °C for 4 h under various atmospheres to create different point defects. Oxygen-deficient environments such as Ar and N2 were used to develop oxygen vacancies, while a water vapor (WV) atmosphere was used to generate titanium vacancies. Computational models by density functional theory predicted that the presence of oxygen vacancies would cause electronic conductivity to increase, while the presence of Ti vacancies could lead to decreased conductivity. The predictions were confirmed by two-point electrical conductivity measurements and Mott-Schottky analysis. Raman spectroscopy was also conducted to confirm the presence of defects. The annealed samples were then evaluated as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. The oxygen-deficient samples had an improvement in capacity by 10% and 25% for Ar- and N2-treated samples, respectively, while the WV-treated sample displayed a capacity increase of 24% compared to the stoichiometric control sample (annealed in O2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revealed that the WV-treated sample's increased capacity was a consequence of its higher Li diffusivity. The results suggest that balanced electrical and ionic conductivity in nanostructured metal oxide anodes can be tuned through defect generation using heat treatments in various atmospheres for improved electrochemical properties.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85053456693&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1039/c8cp04368j
DO - 10.1039/c8cp04368j
M3 - Article
C2 - 30140842
AN - SCOPUS:85053456693
SN - 1463-9076
VL - 20
SP - 22537
EP - 22546
JO - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
JF - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
IS - 35
ER -