Destabilization of buried carbon under changing moisture regimes

Paleosols formed by the burial of topsoil during landscape evolution can sequester substantial amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) over millennia due to protection from surface disturbances. We investigated the moisture sensitivity of buried SOC storage in the Brady paleosol, a loess-derived soil in Nebraska, USA, where historical aeolian deposition during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition buried soils up to 6 m deep. Topsoils from erosional (up to 1.8 m depth) and burial (up to 5.8 m depth) transects were incubated under two moisture regimes-continuous wetting (60 % water-holding capacity) and repeated drying–rewetting-to assess soil organic matter (SOM) vulnerability to changing hydrologic conditions. SOC decomposition rates modeled from CO₂ fluxes were consistently higher in erosional than burial settings, with surface re-exposure of Brady soils enhancing microbial accessibility and destabilization. A two-pool model showed that >96 % of SOC was stored in a slow-cycling pool, particularly in deeply buried soils where stabilization was linked to mineral association, fine particles, and Ca-mediated flocculation. However, this pool decomposed more rapidly in shallower Brady soils (higher turnover rate relative to buried soil), reflecting increased microbial responsiveness to surface-driven processes. Drying–rewetting cycles caused greater C losses from Brady soils than continuous wetting, despite the dominance of the slow pool and depletion of labile C. These cycles also accelerated fast pool decay in modern soils and erosional transects, whereas burial dampened variability in Brady soils. Although continuous wetting increased overall decay in burial transects during the incubation period, wet–dry cycles destabilized the slow pool, which may result in greater long-term C loss. Together, these results underscore the importance of burial depth, geomorphic context, and moisture regime in shaping the long-term vulnerability of ancient SOC under climate change.