Estimating ambient-origin PM _2.5 exposure for epidemiology: observations, prediction, and validation using personal sampling in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Objectives: We aim to characterize the qualities of estimation approaches for individual exposure to ambient-origin fine particulate matter (PM _2.5 ), for use in epidemiological studies. Methods: The analysis incorporates personal, home indoor, and home outdoor air monitoring data and spatio-temporal model predictions for 60 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (MESA Air). We compared measurement-based personal PM _2.5 exposure with several measured or predicted estimates of outdoor, indoor, and personal exposures. Results: The mean personal 2-week exposure was 7.6 (standard deviation 3.7) µg/m ³ . Outdoor model predictions performed far better than outdoor concentrations estimated using a nearest-monitor approach (R = 0.63 versus R = 0.43). Incorporating infiltration indoors of ambient-derived PM _2.5 provided better estimates of the measurement-based personal exposures than outdoor concentration predictions (R = 0.81 versus R = 0.63) and better scaling of estimated exposure (mean difference 0.4 versus 5.4 µg/m ³ higher than measurements), suggesting there is value to collecting data regarding home infiltration. Incorporating individual-level time-location information into exposure predictions did not increase correlations with measurement-based personal exposures (R = 0.80) in our sample consisting primarily of retired persons. Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates the importance of incorporating infiltration when estimating individual exposure to ambient air pollution. Spatio-temporal models provide substantial improvement in exposure estimation over a nearest monitor approach.