Non-invasive deep-brain neuromodulation by transcranial radio frequency stimulation

The ability to modulate deep-brain tissue offers a potentially transformative pathway for treating neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly when pharmacological interventions fail. However, the most effective of these modulatory approaches currently rely on implantable devices that require invasive neurosurgical intervention, which represents a substantial physical and emotional burden for patients. Non-invasively achieving a similar potency remains a paramount challenge in neurotechnology.