TY - JOUR
T1 - Parenting and adolescents' psychological adjustment
T2 - Longitudinal moderation by adolescents' genetic sensitivity
AU - Stocker, Clare M.
AU - Masarik, April S.
AU - Widaman, Keith F.
AU - Reeb, Ben T.
AU - Boardman, Jason D.
AU - Smolen, Andrew
AU - Neppl, Tricia K.
AU - Conger, Katherine J.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016.
PY - 2017/10
Y1 - 2017/10
N2 - We examined whether adolescents’ genetic sensitivity, measured by a polygenic index score, moderated the longitudinal associations between parenting and adolescents’ psychological adjustment. The sample included 323 mothers, fathers, and adolescents (177 female, 146 male; Time 1 [T1] average age = 12.61 years, SD = 0.54 years; Time 2 [T2] average age = 13.59 years, SD = 0.59 years). Parents’ warmth and hostility were rated by trained, independent observers using videotapes of family discussions. Adolescents reported their symptoms of anxiety, depressed mood, and hostility at T1 and T2. The results from autoregressive linear regression models showed that adolescents’ genetic sensitivity moderated associations between observations of both mothers’ and fathers’ T1 parenting and adolescents’ T2 composite maladjustment, depression, anxiety, and hostility. Compared to adolescents with low genetic sensitivity, adolescents with high genetic sensitivity had worse adjustment outcomes when parenting was low on warmth and high on hostility. When parenting was characterized by high warmth and low hostility, adolescents with high genetic sensitivity had better adjustment outcomes than their counterparts with low genetic sensitivity. The results support the differential susceptibility model and highlight the complex ways that genes and environment interact to influence development.
AB - We examined whether adolescents’ genetic sensitivity, measured by a polygenic index score, moderated the longitudinal associations between parenting and adolescents’ psychological adjustment. The sample included 323 mothers, fathers, and adolescents (177 female, 146 male; Time 1 [T1] average age = 12.61 years, SD = 0.54 years; Time 2 [T2] average age = 13.59 years, SD = 0.59 years). Parents’ warmth and hostility were rated by trained, independent observers using videotapes of family discussions. Adolescents reported their symptoms of anxiety, depressed mood, and hostility at T1 and T2. The results from autoregressive linear regression models showed that adolescents’ genetic sensitivity moderated associations between observations of both mothers’ and fathers’ T1 parenting and adolescents’ T2 composite maladjustment, depression, anxiety, and hostility. Compared to adolescents with low genetic sensitivity, adolescents with high genetic sensitivity had worse adjustment outcomes when parenting was low on warmth and high on hostility. When parenting was characterized by high warmth and low hostility, adolescents with high genetic sensitivity had better adjustment outcomes than their counterparts with low genetic sensitivity. The results support the differential susceptibility model and highlight the complex ways that genes and environment interact to influence development.
KW - adolescent adjustment
KW - gene-by-environment interactions
KW - parenting effects
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85007463618&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/psych_facpubs/249
U2 - 10.1017/S0954579416001310
DO - 10.1017/S0954579416001310
M3 - Article
C2 - 28027713
SN - 0954-5794
VL - 29
SP - 1289
EP - 1304
JO - Development and Psychopathology
JF - Development and Psychopathology
IS - 4
ER -
