@-tides as reporters for molecular associations

The 1,6-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridinone unit is an amino acid surrogate that favors the extended α-strand conformation when incorporated in an oligopeptide ("@-tide") strand. We now report that the circular dichroism (CD) signature of the vinylogous amide in the @-unit is sensitive to conformation in organic and aqueous solvents and, therefore, is useful as a quantitative measure of @-tide association and folding processes that involve this moiety. Moreover, this method can be employed in the micromolar concentration range, which is not readily accessible using other techniques. Measurements of @-tide dimerization and β-hairpin folding equilibria not only demonstrate the utility and generality of this approach but also provide a way to quantify amino acid side chain-side chain interactions relevant to β-sheet stability.